Shell scripts are text files containing commands for the shell and are frequently used to handle repetitive tasks. In order to avoid typing the same commands over and over again, we put them in a file with a few modifications, give it execute permission and run it.

To control the program at run-time, an interactive shell script is needed. For this case, the dialog command offers an easy way to draw text-mode colored windows. These windows can contain text boxes, message boxes or different kinds of menus. There are even ways of using input from the user to modify the script behaviour.

The current version of the dialog program is cdialog-0.9 and can be freely downloaded from Sunsite's /pub/Linux/utils/shell directory. Dialog uses the ncurses library, so it too must be installed. Some Linux distributions (i.e., Slackware) include the dialog program because of utilities which rely on it (setup, pkgtool). By the way, these utilities are great examples of using dialog.

Let's examine the dialog version of the most popular example program around. With your favorite text editor, create a file named hello containing these lines:

#!/bin/sh
# First shell script with "dialog"
dialog --title "Dialog message box" \
       --msgbox "\n Hello world !" 6 25

The first line of this file identifies it as a shell script for the “sh” shell. Every shell script must start with the characters “#!” followed by the name (and path) of the shell to execute. For example, we could have written this line as #!/bin/bash. The next line is just a comment, like any line starting with “#” other than the first line in the file. Then comes the dialog command, which will draw a message box 6 lines high and 25 columns wide on the screen, containing the title “Dialog message box” and the message “Hello world !”. The message box has an OK button and when it is selected, the script will end. Notice the general format of the --msgbox option:

--msgbox

After writing and saving this file, type:

chmod a+x hello

=“./2460f1.gif” Figure 1. Screenshot of a Dialog Box

The resulting screen is shown in Figure 1. This example is so simple it could have been produced with just one command at the shell prompt. However, things get more complicated when user input is needed in a shell script.

For example, to list the contents of a directory, use dialog as shown in Listing 1. This introduces two new dialog boxes: an input and a text box. The input box has the general format:

--inputbox

In Listing 1, the default value displayed in the input box is obtained by running the command pwd which returns the present working directory. Whenever a command is enclosed in reverse quotes, bash replaces it with its standard output.

Of course, this default value can be changed at runtime using the backspace key to delete and regular letter keys to write. The final value is printed by dialog on STDERR. In order to use it from the shell script, it must first be redirected to a file. Do this with the redirection:

2>/tmp/dialog.ans

The next line is necessary in case the user decides to select the Cancel button in the input box. When that happens, the exit status of the dialog command will be 1. Bash keeps the exit status of the last executed command in the variable $?, so if this is 1, the shell script will stop after clearing the screen.

If $? is 0 (the user clicked the OK button), the answer file is read to set the variable ANS. Again, reverse quoting proves useful. Another method of doing this is to use:

ANS=$(cat /tmp/dialog.ans)

The contents of the chosen directory are output to the same file used before. This can be done safely, because the > operator overwrites the previous contents of this file.

All is now set for the next dialog command, which generates the text box to display the contents of a text file. It has the general format:

--textbox

The text box allows navigating with the arrow keys or home/end/pgup/pgdown keys and even has simple searching facilities. Typing / while the text box is displayed causes another window to appear, which prompts the user for a string to be searched forward in the file. Typing ? performs reverse searching, just as for the less pager. The first line containing the string is displayed at the top of the text box.

The experienced programmer might complain about an obvious flaw in this shell script. What if the directory name is wrong? The shell script will not complain, but will show an empty text box since there are no files in a nonexistent directory. To solve this problem, a check is made to see if the specified directory exists. Actually, the ls command returns an exit status of 0 if the directory exists, and 1 if it doesn't. Thus, the script can be modified by adding these lines:

ls -al $ANS > /tmp/dialog.ans 2>/dev/null
if [ $? = 1 ]; then
   clear
   echo no such directory
   exit 1
fi

First, the ls line is changed, redirecting standard error to /dev/null. This means no error messages from ls will appear on the screen. Then, if the exit status ($?) is 1, the script will exit with an error message.

This script can be made even more useful by allowing the user to examine more directories before the script exits. (See Listing 2.) A few changes have been made. First, the entire script has been included in a while-do loop which is always true. This allows it to run more than once. Now the only way of exiting the script (besides typing ctrl-c) is by selecting the Cancel button in the dialog input box. The second change is the introduction of a message box which will be displayed when the ls command returns an exit status of 1. The command continue deserves a special comment. Its meaning is to skip the current iteration of the while loop (i.e., the part which shows the text box) and start a new one. Thus, after the error message, the user will again see the input box, prompting for another directory name.

The menu box is produced by running dialog with the --menu option with the format:

dialog --menu
   tag2 item2...

This option displays a box with two buttons (OK and Cancel) and a menu consisting of one or more lines. Each line has a “tag” (a number or word) and an “item”, which is usually text describing the menu entry. When a user selects an item and then clicks on the OK button, the corresponding tag is printed on STDERR. Also, the exit status of dialog is 0 for the OK button being selected and 1 for the Cancel button.

Menu boxes are useful in that they allow the user to choose from several fixed alternatives. For example, when producing a LaTeX document, three steps must be taken: editing the source file with a word processor, compiling it with LaTeX and viewing the resulting .dvi file. It is easy to build a shell script to do these steps. (See Listing 3 which assumes the text editor is jed, the .dvi file viewer is dvisvga and both are in the path.) The complete script is again included in a “while” loop for the purpose of making it work more than one time. The only way to exit this script is by selecting the “Cancel” button in the first menu box. Otherwise, the user has to choose between three alternatives:

The answer is stored in the file /tmp/ans and retrieved in the variable R. If the user chooses to edit a file, a new dialog box appears. It is an input box and prompts for a file name. The answer goes into the variable F. Then the script checks whether the file exists and runs the command:

jed $F # where $F is the name of the file

If the file does not exist, it is either a new one or a typing error. To distinguish between these two possibilities, a yes/no dialog box is provided. The general format of such a box is:

--yesno

The box has two buttons, YES and NO. The text is usually a question, which the user answers by selecting a button. If YES, $? (the exit status of the dialog command) is 0; if NO, $? is 1.

In Listing 3, if the answer is YES, the text editor is invoked; if NO, the script returns to the main menu through the continue command. The other two choices work in the same way, the only difference being the commands for processing the file with LaTeX or for viewing the resulting DVI file:

latex $F
dvisvga $F

Several other dialog boxes are available, such as the checklist or the radiolist; however, their use is quite similar to that of the menu box.

I would like to end with an example of the --guage dialog box. This is used to graphically display a percentage. The syntax is:

dialog --guage

Once started, the guage box keeps reading percent values from STDIN until an EOF is reached and changes the display accordingly. Here is a simple (but not very useful) guage script:

#!/bin/bash
{ for I in 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 \
      80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0; do
   echo $I
   sleep 1
done
echo; } | dialog --guage "A guage demo" 6 70 0

Copy this into a file, give it execute permission, run and enjoy! The first part of the script (included in braces) is a group command. Every second it sends one of the listed values to the guage dialog box. The final echo command is used to terminate the dialog box.

Shell scripting is a convenient way of making your Linux system “smarter”. These examples of the most common dialog boxes should help you make your scripts more attractive.

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